Saturday, April 25, 2020
Streetcar Named Desire Essays (1118 words) -
Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire is considered by many critics to be what is called a flawed masterpiece. This is because William's work utilizes and wonderfully blends both tragic and comic elements that serve to shroud the true nature of the hero and heroine thereby not allowing the reader to judge them on solid actuality. Hence, Williams has been compared to writers such as Shakespeare who in literature have created a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty in finding a sole ?view or aspect ? in their works. Because of the highly tragic elements encountered in Streetcar, many immediately label it tragedy. Nevertheless, the immense comical circumstances encountered in the play contradict the sole role of tragedy and leaves the reader pondering the true nature of the work, that being whether it is a tragedy with accidental comic incidences or a comedy with weak melodramatic occurrences. It has been said that the ?double mask of tragicomedy reveals the polarity of the human condition.? The contrariety of forces in the work serves to enforce a sense of both reality and drama that are present in everyday human life. The comic elements in the play serve as a form of determined self-preservation just as the tragic elements add to the notion of self-destruction. This is the true nature of a tragicomedy. By juxtaposing two irreconcilable positions, ambiguity is produced in the judgement of the main characters, most notably Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois. Ambivalence in the play is largely caused by the relationship between Stanley and Blanche. They concurrently produce both appalling and appealing tendencies. Both characters display elements of the profane and sacred yet on two distinct levels. This is what creates the double entendre. In the social sense, Blanche can be considered the heroine of the play. In a desperate last attempt to preserve her aristocratic values, she must combat everything that Stanley Kowalski is. While she represents everything that is sacred within cultural boundaries, that of which being the love of language, music, art, etc?Stanley is the brute opposite. He is highly animalistic and primitive in his ways and serves as the sole destroyer of everything Blanche embodies. ?The first time I laid eyes on him I thought to myself, that man is my executioner! That man will destroy me This goes to show that since there can be no coexistence between classes, Blanche, the romantic delicate southern belle, will meet her doom at the hands of the crude and savage Stanley. However, on a psychological level, Stanley emerges as the Hero. The sexually healthy and ?sacred? marriage he shares with his wife is in staunch contrast to the perverted and debauched sexual exploits of Blanche. In the role as the psychological ?profaner,? Blanche is just as much to blame for her rape as Stanley is. Blanche is a profane and perverted intruder into his sacred yet crude domain. Thus, he reacts violently when he feels that his household is being threatened. Stanley seeks above all, to retain order and symmetry within his created existence. Stanley and Blanche on their respective ?levels,? serve as the classic heroes struggling for self-preservation. One must deal with both the social and psychological elements simultaneously in order to fully see the ambiguous duality of these two characters. The comic aspect of the tragicomedy is displayed through irreconcilability. Through the character Mitch, Williams successfully juxtaposes the comic with tragic elements, which are central to the tragicomic genre. While Blanche's world is increasingly closing in on her becoming more tragic in implications, hence her wanting a husband, Mitch is almost completely blind to her overtures and sexual advances. For example, while Blanche is virtually dying inside and looking for someone to confide in and share herself with, Mitch totally misses this and instead thinks that Blanche wants to have a conversation concerning weight. This instance of comedy is positioned between two highly dramatic and potentially tragic confidences in which Blanche shares with Mitch. Namely, her belief that Stanley will ultimately destroy her and the sense of guilt for destroying Allan Grey. The conflict between Stanley and Blanche throughout the novel is permeated with humorous incidents counterpointing the dramatic action. Another example of this would be when Stanley initially feels slighted and put down by Blanche's infringement into he and Stella's abode, than after finding out that she has let the Belle Reve estate get away goes into justifying his claim to it according to the ?Napoleonic code.? In most drama, comedy serves as a relief from too much tragedy. In the Elizabethan era, mostly transfigured
Wednesday, March 18, 2020
9 Ways To Turn Old Blog Posts Into New Content Ideas
9 Ways To Turn Old Blog Posts Into New Content Ideas Ever play 20 questions? This is like that. Just with fewer questions. If youââ¬â¢ve written a blog post, something must have inspired you to do it- love of the topic. Looming deadline. Desire to grow traffic. It could be anything. Have you really poked and prodded those old posts, though, and seen if there was more you could squeeze out of them? Much of the time we write a post and think, ââ¬Å"There, I wrote about that topic. Done!â⬠and move on to looking for a new idea. We talk a lot about reworking and repurposing content, but maybe you need a mechanism to help prompt you to see your old blog posts in a new light. Find your favorite blog posts, and letââ¬â¢s go through some questions about them. Time to kick off the dust and see what new content ideas are lurking in your old blog posts. 9 Ways To Create Outstanding New Content From Old Posts via @JulieNeidlinger Question #1: Was Your Post Aà Good Idea? You may have loved writing the post, but did it get the traffic and traction youââ¬â¢d hoped for? Did people comment and share it on social media? Are you looking at your dashboard and seeing dismal stats? If the post seems to have bombed, it doesnââ¬â¢t mean the topic was bad, but that your idea was the wrong approach. Or, it might mean that your traffic back when you wrote the post was smaller than it is now, and your new audience might not even know it exists. If a post bombed, there is a lot to learn from it for new content ideas. #bloggingtipsAnswer: Yes, it was. People loved it. Perhaps your post was highly successful in all the usual measurements, getting: High traffic Lots of social shares Plenty of social proof Active comments section Several bloggers linking in from their own blog posts If thatââ¬â¢s the case, good job. But keep reading this post. You're still not done with that idea even if your initial post was successful the first go-around. Action: Go to the next question. Answer: No, it really wasnââ¬â¢t. If your post just didnââ¬â¢t seem to work the first time around, great news: Not that many people apparently saw it! You can rework the post entirely, and bring that topic of the pile. For those readers who might stumble on your old post, use a 301 redirect (not a canonical redirect, which is for search engines) to send your readers to the new one. You keep whatever traffic that old one may have received and funnel it to the new post. If youââ¬â¢re worried about using a 301 redirect, donââ¬â¢t be. It isnââ¬â¢t going to hurt you very much. According to Googleââ¬â¢s Matt Cutts, youââ¬â¢ll lose only a ââ¬Å"tiny little bitâ⬠if you use this technique. Donââ¬â¢t dwell on the old post. Point people to the new content youââ¬â¢re about to create. Action: Move on to question #2. Question #2: Do You Have More You Want To Say? As much as you may have written in that first post, are you dying to talk more about it? I know I have my favorite topics that I like to write about, and each time I sit down to write about them, new ideas pop into my head. Often, we can talk about a topic repeatedly because: There are changes or updates that affect the original take on the topic. Youââ¬â¢ve learned some additional information. Youââ¬â¢ve changed your mind. Reader feedback has made it clear you need to flesh out more of the topic. You feel like you just want to write more, or could say it differently. Take a look at your favorite posts, especially your older posts. Do these five criteria fit? Answer: Yes, I could definitely talk more about it. This is the best place to be. Not only do you have a foundational post to refer to when you write about that same topic, but you also have reader feedback and reaction to respond and refer to as well. Action: Move on to the next question, or write the new post. Answer: No, Iââ¬â¢m done talking about it. If you feel like youââ¬â¢ve written the pants off of that topic, you probably wonââ¬â¢t get much more out of trying now. Iââ¬â¢d encourage you to use your editorial calendar, though, and add a note in six months or a year to revisit that old post. You might have more to say about it then, even if only to point out how that topic hasnââ¬â¢t changed for you. Action: Add a note to your calendar, and see question #9. Question #3: Is It Aà Topic That Readers Could Benefit From More Coverage? Whether you want to write more on it or not, your readers may need you to. Youââ¬â¢ll know if readers want more coverage by how and what theyââ¬â¢re saying on social media (in response to that post) or in the blog comments section. Answer: Yes, readers seem to want to know more. More than once weââ¬â¢ve written blog posts that respond directly to comments readers have made on this blog. Comments that lend well to additional blog posts follow a general pattern. I donââ¬â¢t understand. I disagree, and hereââ¬â¢s why. I donââ¬â¢t think this would work for me. Hereââ¬â¢s my specific situation. Would this work for me? This is so helpful. I especially like the part about _____. New blog posts on that topic will explain what readers didnââ¬â¢t understand. They might show how to use an idea in several real-world scenarios so readers can identify better with how it applies to them. And, when someone picks out a part they really like...thatââ¬â¢s a gold mine. Go into more detail. Action: Move on to the next question, or write the new post. Contact readers directly (like I did for this post) and ask them more questions about their comments to get even more ideas. Answer: No, there isnââ¬â¢t much interest. If people didnââ¬â¢t share the post much and readers didnââ¬â¢t seem to respond much, or only responded ââ¬Å"great post!â⬠itââ¬â¢s time to reconsider the original idea. Action: Head back to question #1. Question #4: Could You Write About It In Aà Different Style? There are two styles at work in every post: your writing style, and your readers' learning styles. This provides you a huge variety of ways to write blog posts based on the same ideas. You may prefer to write in the style(s) of: Teacher Insider Outsider Expert Newbie Observer Cryptographer Convincer Your reader may prefer content that fits their propensity for: Visual learning Numbers and data Lots of text Social references (quotes, links, etc.) Action: Write the post or head on to the next question. Answer: Yes, I could mix it up a bit. Youââ¬â¢ll naturally have one you prefer to write as, but you can force yourself to take a different style. Take your topic idea. Choose a different writing style. Wrap your head around what that will sound like. Then choose a learning style. For example, you may write as if you were a newbie relying on lots of text. The next time, you might write as an expert using lots of data. Action: Move on to the next question, or write the new post. Answer: No, I really prefer to write in my strengths. You know what? Thatââ¬â¢s perfectly fine. Writing is enough work without writing in weaknesses. If you donââ¬â¢t think you can write about the topic from a different approach, donââ¬â¢t worry about it. You have every right to maintain a consistent tone and style on your blog. Action: Move to question #7. Question #5: Could You Re-Edit It And Clean It Up? Sometimes those older posts are pretty good structurally, but they need some cleaning up. This is especially true for those massive lists of links that are such great attention-getters (ââ¬Å"100 Best Apps For Finding Great Restaurants!â⬠) but that age poorly. Answer: Yes, with some clean-up that post is still viable. When it comes to cleaning up a post, your focus should be on: Improving writing and grammar. (Yes, youââ¬â¢ve gotten better as a writer since then.) Finding and removing or replacing dead links. Updating references and data to reflect the current state of affairs. (e.g. ââ¬Å"guest blog like crazy!â⬠to ââ¬Å"Matt Cutts said guest blogging is dead!â⬠) Redoing images to fit a more current look. Remove any that might be guilty of copyright infringement. Canva and other free blog graphics tools might not have been around when you wrote the original, but they areà now! Adding expertise youââ¬â¢ve gained since you wrote the original post. You could rewrite the post but keep it similar in approach. Or, you could reference that old post and talk about how things have changed since then. Action: Clean up that old post, repackage it for now, and publish it new. Use a 301 redirect if the posts are highly similar. Move on to the next question. Answer: No, that post is a dog and no cleanup will help. Fair enough. Action: If the post is really bad, use the 301 redirect technique of question #1 to point it to a newer and related post on your blog (if you have one). Move on to question #9. Question #6: Could You Break It Into Pieces? If youââ¬â¢re doing long form posts, especially, you probably have a lot of content there that you couldnââ¬â¢t go into the greatest detail because, you know, 3,000 words. Breaking your original blog post into pieces means you can do that deep dive and turn one blog post into five. Answer: Yes, I could go into more detail. By breaking your blog post into detailed parts, you have the potential for creating a powerful series of content. That can be used in email autoresponder courses to help generate email sign-ups. It can be used as an ebook later. Hopefully you used a good outline and headings, because that will help in breaking up your post logically. Headings: Your headings and subheadings might be the basis for an expandable blog post. Numbered items: Your numbered items within that body content might be the basis for a list post. Questions: If you write and use questions in your body copy, find them. Can answering those questions be a post of itsà own? Data: Any place you have data, charts, case study information, etc. isà a possible opportunity to expand and explain how and why. In long posts, data is often used as a proof. Going into detail is when you explain how you arrived at that data in the first place. Action: Write your new posts or head on to the next question. Answer: No, I donââ¬â¢t have any more detail to share. Perhaps the post was poorly structured, rambled, or carried all the detail you could possibly extract on the subject. Either way, it doesnââ¬â¢t seem a fit candidate for divvying up into smaller parts. Action: Move on to question #9. Question #7: Could You Write About The Post Itself? We all like a little behind the scenes. If you have a post that was successful or got a lot of buzz, would you be willing to talk about that experience? This is particularly valuable if you are in the content marketing niche. Other content marketers like to find out how you create your content. Answer: Heck yes, Iââ¬â¢d love to share the experience. Pulling back the curtain to reveal what happened behind the scenes of a popular old post makes for a great story. In this type of approach, youââ¬â¢ll reveal: Your ideation, writing, and editing process. Social, comment, and direct email responses from readers (generalized, to protect their privacy). The struggles, laughs, and raging deadlines you had. Your reaction when the post became popular. What you learned from the experience. The last one, summarizing what you learned, is a very popular blog post approach. How many headlines have you seen that say ââ¬Å"I did ____ and this is what I learned.â⬠Action: Write the post, or move on to the next question. Answer: No. I donââ¬â¢t think anyone would care. I have just the site for you: Click here. Even if you donââ¬â¢t have a viral post or some massive 8th Wonder Of The Blogging World, your readers are probably still curious about how you work. But, if you insist no one would be interested, OK. Action: Move on to question #9. Question #8: Could You Rewrite It As Aà Guest Post? Youââ¬â¢ve done the research and the work. Why wouldnââ¬â¢t you extend it as a guest post? Guest blogging is still a fantastic way to take your content and get it in front of new readers. Answer: Yes, Iââ¬â¢m into guest posts and this would work. The first thing you have to do is make certain that what you will be writing will fit the host blogââ¬â¢s guidelines. If they want only previously unpublished posts, youââ¬â¢ll need to rework it significantly so that your old post is not the same as the new one. Secondly, youââ¬â¢ll want to write your guest post to fit the host blogââ¬â¢s audience. It might not be the exact same as yours as far as their learning style or how the host blog wants posts written. Action: Write the post by reviewing question #6. Or, move on to the next question. Answer: No, I donââ¬â¢t do guest posts. Thatââ¬â¢s fine. Not everyone does. Action: Move on to question #9. Question #9: Can You Turn It Into Aà Different Format Entirely? If you absolutely cannot write on a topic again, youââ¬â¢re still not off the hook. Itââ¬â¢s now time to repurpose your blog posts. You have reached the point where you need to see your written content as visual content, or send it elsewhere to keep doing some work for you. This means youââ¬â¢ll take your blog post and turn it into: Infographics Slide decks Social sharing graphics Videos Podcasts Ebooks Webinars Syndication Email autoresponder course Printable worksheets That list is by no means definitive. There are many ways to repurpose content forms. Answer: Yes, this post would work well in a different format. Each blog post has an ideal repurposed format, depending on the type of post it is. Weââ¬â¢ve identified 10 easy blog post approaches in the past, but there are so many more. Data: Blog posts with lots of data will do well as infographics, ebooks, and slide decks. How-to: Blog posts that are written as how-to posts will do well as videos, slide decks, webinars, email courses, and ebooks. Interviews: Blog posts that are interviews will do well as social graphics, with the best quotes pulled from the post for each graphic you create. If you can get the original interviewee back, a podcast would work, too. Lists: Blog posts that are lists do well as social graphics if the list items are memorable (one item per graphic). They also make great slide decks. Case studies: Case studies are great topics of conversation in a podcast or video. Stories: Blog posts heavy on narrative and ââ¬Å"what I learnedâ⬠work well as podcasts, ebooks, and videos. Reviews: Blog posts that review products or services often have a shorter shelf life and arenââ¬â¢t as evergreen. Used quickly enough while still relevant, they make a great video (especially if you demo the product). Updates on an earlier review are always possible. Checklists: These types of blog posts work well with ebooks, infographics, and worksheets. See what you can make of your post. By creating these alternate forms of your written content, youââ¬â¢re pointing people back to the original post in a new way. Answer: No, Iââ¬â¢m done. Time to get started brainstorming and find brand new ideas. Youââ¬â¢ve worn out the idea and squeezed the last drop of content out of it. Good job! Don't forget to get your own map of these questions to simply
Sunday, March 1, 2020
Me, Myself, and I
Me, Myself, and I Me, Myself, and I Me, Myself, and I By Maeve Maddox Just as the personal pronouns I and me are frequently used incorrectlythe subject form I used instead of the object form me, and vice versathe reflexive pronoun myself sometimes crops up where I or me belong. As personal pronouns, I and me stand in the place of nouns, while the reflexive pronouns like myself emphasize a noun or a pronoun that is already in use as a subject or object word. They are mirror words which reflect a word already expressed (hence the name reflexive). The reflexive pronoun forms are: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, and themselves The forms hisself, yourselfs, theirselfs and similar variations are dialect forms. The reflexive pronouns have two main uses: 1. They serve as the objects of verbs when the object is the same person or thing as the subject: I hurt myself. The baby saw herself in the mirror. We lost ourselves in the woods. 2. They are used to restate or emphasize another noun or pronoun in the sentence: The king himself signed the proclamation. These witnesses swear they saw it themselves. The following constructions are incorrect: Myself and the others attended the concert. Jack and yourself are my best friends. Editing for reflexive pronoun usage is easy. If the self word comes after the verb, you can see at a glance if it restates the subject. If the self word is anywhere else in the sentence, look to see if there is another noun or pronoun that it restates or emphasizes. If there is none, you probably need to use a personal pronoun instead of a reflexive one. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingDeck the Halls13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage
Friday, February 14, 2020
Business Law International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Business Law International - Essay Example These measures were very useful in helping these economies to recover from the disastrous effects of the crisis. In dealing with the legal aspects associated with taking tough action against weak and insolvent banks based upon the precedents established during the Asian Financial Crisis, Head (1998) suggests a legal regime four specific measures. Firstly, there should be clear guidelines set out by the central bank in a particular country to identify when a bank is insolvent, for instance when it is unable to maintain adequate liquidity to meet the needs of depositors in a timely manner and/or when its liabilities exceed its assets. Head suggests that setting out rigorous tests for determining potential insolvency is a vial first step. Secondly, there should be a legal provision in existence which clearly sets out that if a bank is found to be insolvent or approaching insolvency, the central bank will appoint an administrator or conservator, that could also be the central bank itself, to take over the control of the bank and carry out an assessment to determine the bankââ¬â¢s prospects.(Head 1998). On the basis of the assessment, the conservator would offer recommendations to (a) restore the bank to health (b) merge it with a stronger bank or (c) liquidate its assets and distribute proceeds among depositors. Thirdly, if the bank is to be restored to a healthy form, the Conservator should be provided the powers under the law to carry out necessary procedures necessary to affect such a restoration. This could include measures such as powers to hire and fire bank staff, since inefficiency in bank operations is often the result of irresponsible or incompetent executives, as well as the power to change or modify the bankââ¬â¢s policies, close branches, change the bankââ¬â¢s charter or other operational measures that may be necessary to restore the financial health of the bank. Fourthly, the law
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Revised Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Revised - Annotated Bibliography Example This article talks about mechanisms of employing the Internet as a tool in addressing critical issues affecting SMEs in Saudi Arabia. The article mentions issues such as rapidly changing market environment, increased consumer demand for quality, increased global competition, increased partnerships between small and large/intermediate businesses, and growing need for instant access to business information from multiple sources. This article primarily assesses the current level of Internet usage as a tool of business by SMEs forming the basis for earlier studies. This article addresses the usable and accessible websites in SMEs despite the advancing competitive environment where a prominent place has been occupied by the internet. The article talks about transferring a brand to the online environment from an offline environment as an issue to companies. The article also talks about how to ensure websites are accessible and usable in order to enhance web navigation and enable brand communication as well as improve the image of the company. This article presents the findings of a study that measured the degree to which medium and small enterprises employ accessibility and usability as a pillar that supports brand to communicate with other audience online. This article addresses the factors that affect internet based sales adoption by SMEs. The article asserts that the internet doubles every year and spans the globe in which the exchange of digital data is carried out. The article also talks about the coverage which is relatively understood concerning the effect of the internet in the popular press. This article also reports investigation of an exploratory study examining crucial concerns around internet usage in emerging SMEs. It describes how SMEs develop and use internet, explores factors motivating companies to invest in e-commerce, and assesses the significance of the benefits of electronic commerce. The
Friday, January 24, 2020
The Matrix :: essays research papers
The Matrix, The ââ¬Å"Westernâ⬠Never Known à à à à à As stated by the title, there is great reason why the Matrix should be treated in the same context, although not identified, as a western. This film genre is steeped in tradition and lore. There are many definitions abound as to what may constitute a ââ¬Å"Western film.â⬠The main goal is to see whether or not this paper can illustrate the genre be pushed towards the future. Whether it means the 20th century, the 21st century or the distant future. This genre can grow towards something bigger and more exciting. This paper will attempt to explore this debate and give reasoningââ¬â¢s as to what defines a Western, how the Matrix lives up to and modifies the stated definition, will go into the films background such as director, producer, film reviews, etc. Finally the paper will discuss the theme, tone, setting, characters and casting, acting style, lighting, imagery, musical score, and special effects. à à à à à Defining a film genre is in some ways difficult and simplistic. Every genre has stated what would define its boundaries. The difficult part is finding one that is solidified by the movies in the genre. The stated definition that this paper will digest and regurgitate is that a Western is a film which is set in the American frontier west. The typical time setting is somewhere in the mid to late 19th century and early 20th century(Dirks, 1). They glorify the past-fading values and aspirations of the mythical by-gone age of the American West(Dirks, 1). Over time, however, Westerns have been redefined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed. This actually makes the definition more lucid, making other films flexible enough to fit quite nicely into the genre. à à à à à Westerns also state that these films represent the ideals of a growing nation. Expanding and maintaining established territories is what is at the heart of older Western films as ââ¬Å"Manifest Destinyâ⬠puts up in dialogue constantly. This particular fact is a main point which will be revisited. Dominating the unknown and uprooting natives or peoples who have been established long before the conquerors. à à à à à There are many central conflicts in old westerns. The battle between good and evil is the most common. Others include man vs. man, east vs. west, human vs. nature, or in the Matrixââ¬â¢s case, man vs. machine. à à à à à Does the Matrix live up to these ideals of a Western? Yes, in more ways than one.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Bromobenzene Essay
Introduction: The chemical reaction of nitration consists of a nitro group being added to or substituted in a molecule. Nitration can basically be carried out by a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid; this mixture is useful to obtain the active nitronium ion. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a method used when a functional group is needed to be substituted on to an aromatic compound. In the nitration, nitronium ion acts as the electrophile that involves the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring. Aromatic substitution is electrophilic, due to the high density in benzene ring. Benzene ring is one of the components in most important natural products and other useful products. The species reacting with the aromatic ring is usually a positive ion or the end of a dipole. Nitration is one of the most important examples of electrophilic substitution. The electrophile in nitration is the nitronium ion which is generated from nitric acid by protonation and loss of water, using sulfuric acid as the dehydrating agents. Data: Weight (grams) Beaker 39.1 grams Beaker + Crystals 41.9 grams Weight of Crystals (Prior to Addition of Ethanol) 2.8 grams Figure 1: This table illustrates the weight of the crystals that were formed before the ethanol was added. 2.8 grams x 5= 14 mL ââ¬â This is the amount of ethanol that is needed to just dissolve the bromonitrobenzenes at 78.2oC. Weight (grams) Wet Sample of Crystals 1.40 grams Dry Sample of Crystals 0.95 grams Difference Between Wet and Dry Samples 0.45 grams Figure 2: This table illustrates the weight of the crystals that were formed as the final product. The wet sample and dry sample both have a different value. Figure 3: This is the structure of bromobenzene; this was the liquid that was given for this laboratory experiment. Figure 4: Mechanism for the formation of 4-bromonitrobenzene. Observations: When the bromobenzene was added, the solution turned yellow. The final product was also yellow crystals. Calculations: a. Bromobenzene 0.0142 mol bromobenzene b. Nitric Acid 0.090 mol nitric acid THEREFORE, IT CAN BE SAID THAT BROMOBENZENE IS THE LIMITING REAGENT c. Actual Yield and Percent Yield 33% THE PERCENT YIELD IS 33%. Conclusion: It can be said that the objective of this experiment was to synthesize the p-bromonitrobenzene out of bromobenzene by nitration. This experiment studied the electrophilic aromatic nitration of a monosubstituted aromatic cring under a standard set of conditions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of a nitro ( NO2+) group to an aromatic ring. When the aromatic ring is monosubstituted (meaning it already has one substituent on it), the nitro group can be added to either the: ortho, meta, or para position. Figure 1 illustrates the weight of the crystals prior to the addition of ethanol. The weight of the crystals before the ethanol was added was 2.8 grams. These were the crystals that were formed when the nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture was slowly added to the bromobenzene. The weights of the crystals were determined before the addition of ethanol; this was important to do in order to find the amount (mL) of ethanol to add. The weight of the crystals was 2.8 grams and was multiplied by 5 to get 14mL; this was the amount of ethanol that was added. The ethanol was added to the crystals to dissolve the bromonitrobenzenes at 78.2oC. Figure 2 illustrates the weight of the wet crystals and the dry crystals. The weight of the wet crystals was 1.40 grams and the weight of the dry crystals was 0.95 grams. The difference between these two weights was 0.45 grams. The number for the dry crystal was then later used to determine the actual yield and the percent yield of the laboratory experiment.. The moles of bromobenzene were calculated to be 0.0142 moles. The moles of nitric acid were calculated to be 0.090 moles. Therefore, since the moles of bromobenzene were lower than the moles of nitric acid, it can be said that bromobenzene is the limiting reagent. After the limiting reagent is found, it is used to find the theoretical reagent. Questions: 1. What products did you expect this reaction to form? Explain the effect that the group(s) present in the starting material have on reactivity and orientation in this reaction and why. There were two possible products that could have been formed in this experiment. The first product that could have formed was 1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene and the second product that could have formed was 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene. These were the two products that could have been formed because bromine is in an ortho and para directing group.
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